The Treaty of Paris

After Lord Cornwallis found himself trap in Yorktown, Virginia, he was forced to surrender. The British aid coming from New York arrived 5 days after the French, and Washington's army had him trapped in land. See,ed like timing and luck had played him, and the only thing left to do was surrender. The 9 years war was over, America had gain its independence.  The new United States sent a delegation, american negotiation committee , to set the terms of the Treaty that officially recognizes their independence. Americans were euphoric, while the British people were fed up. In these long bloody 9 years they had lost around 80,000 soldiers, the public was tired. In 1782, New Administration came to England, determined to make peace.

 In September 3, 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed. It recognized American Independence. Its territorial provisions were "exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of enlarged boundaries. Some of the American delegators were Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, among others. For the British side they had David Hartley and Richard Oswald. It declares the treaty to be "in the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity," and declares the intention of both parties to "forget all past misunderstandings and differences" and "secure to both perpetual peace and harmony".  The document was signed in Paris at the Hotel d'York by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay (USA), and David Hartley (Britain). Benjamin Franklin was a strong proponent of Britain ceding the Province of because he believed that having British territory physically bordering American territory would cause conflict in the future. But the British didn’t accept.

Ten Articles:

1. Acknowledging the United States (viz. the Colonies) to be free, sovereign and independent states, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property, and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof;

2. Establishing the boundaries between the United States and British North America;

3. Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence;

4. Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side;

5. The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects [Loyalists]";

6. United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists;

7. Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released and all property left by the British army in the United States unmolested (including slaves);

8. Great Britain and the United States were each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River;

9. Territories captured by Americans subsequent to treaty will be returned without compensation;

10. Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months from the signing by the contracting parties.

Cornwallis Biography

Charles Cornwallis was one of the most important British generals during the American Revolution. He was born December 31, 1738 and died October 5^th, 1805 in India (aged 66). He was the British general who surrendered to the American Colonists in 1781. His surrender was the Siege of Yorktown. Charles was Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He married Jemima Tullekin Jones and had two children: Mary and Charles. He suffered criticism due to the American War; some blamed him for British failures. According to historian Jerry Dupont, Cornwallis was responsible for "laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services, courts, and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era."

Cornwallis was born in Grosvenor Square in London and was part of an aristocratic family. He received his early education at Eton and graduated from Clare College at Cambridge. It was unlikely of aristocrats to join the military, however Cornwallis did. He distanced himself from aristocracy and actively studied military science in Italy. He participated in the Battle of Minden and then served a captain in the 85th Regiment of Foot. Then he fought with the 11th Foot at the Battle of Villinghausen and was known to be brave. When his father died he took seat at the House of Lords.

In 1776 he offered his services at the American War. He played an important role in Howe's capture of New York City. In late 1776, he was going to return to England for the winter, but was forced to stay due to American victory at Trenton. He then attacked Washington and his army at Princeton but failed and received a lot of blame for Princeton’s defeat. In 1781 his army began building fortifications at Yorktown. Washington went south with his army to lay siege to Yorktown. Cornwallis wanted to be relieved or removed; instead he was trapped with no choice but to fight. After three weeks of siege, he surrendered his army, which ended the American Revolution. He resigned from the army in 1801 and in 1805 he was sent to India where he spent about two months before dying.

Change for African Americans

Everyone has a change or either wants a change in them as a person or in life.In words this change happen to african americans.Africans struggle with slaver and it seemed incosistant the idea of it as a revolution,5% american was of African ancestory.This didn't change anything since the majority were slaves and obligated to work as servants.Most of them had to accept the idea of "slavery" as there natural life.

British and Loyalist critics make the Patriots as hypocrites who spoke of liberty while holding slave.The revolution inspired many slaves to demand freedom,there were there rights to have it since nothing distinguished them from the others,is nothing but there skin color who has no difference in that everyone was equal.In the northern states some slaves has a petitional legislature for emancipation,they were free form any restrain which was what the others demanded to have their freedom.About 5,000 slaves join the patriots militias,the continental army or the small continent party just in exchange for their freedom.Africans prefered spending their lives as soldier who fought than slaves who were obligated and treated with injustice.However the southern states feared,armed blacks as a threat to slaves making that at least 50,000 southern slaves to escape and join the british.

The revolution lead to emancipation on the world where slavery was not important for either the economy or the own slaves.Although laws eventually got to avoid slavery in the northern states this would stop discrimination by others,many northerns sold their slaves to the south before they could become free this was an act of cruelty.The legislature for emancipation with made the slaves to be free from slavery and any restrain failed in the south were slaves amounted about 1/3 of the population become essential for the economy.

Not all the african americans had the change they expected in their lives but those who did are still making it.About 20,000 southern slaves had been free including 300 who were freed  by George Washington.

The Revolution Impacts Society

Once the war ended, those that had been in the British side, loyalist, found themselves under great danger. Even though Britain tried to protect them by setting conditions in the treaty of Paris, state laws and mob violence prevented most of them from returning home. About 90,000 of those that had been in the British side, including 20,000 former slaves, became refugees. Some of them resettled in Britain's northern colonies, others were slaved again. This, caused the spawn of two new nations: The American Republic and The Future Dominion of Canada. Loyalists and slaves were not the only ones affected, several other minority groups found themselves affected, mostly for the worse, after the Revolution.

A good example is the Native Americans, who had join the British side during the war, under the promise the British wouldn't allow Americans to take more land from them. They were stunned when their allies abandon them in 1783, and they were not even mention in the Treaty of Paris. They were left vulnerable to the American hunger for revenge and land. They forced the Indians to give up massive tracts of land, moving westward. By 1796 more than 100,000 Americans lived in Tennessee and Kentucky. The Revolution was a disaster for the Indians, just like for the African Americans. Even though by 1776 one of every five americans had african ancestry, the majority were slaves. Slavery was specially hard in the southern states, were at least 50,000 slaves had escape to join the British. The northern states, on the other hand, freed slaves by laws. However, emancipation did not come to the Southern States for a long while.

Other minority group that was somewhat affected by the war, were the women. Women gained few political or legal rights as a result of the war. What they did gain was respect, based on the new conception of women as "Republican Mothers". Wives were not allow to own property or make contracts, nor vote. The only place were women could vote, and not any, just widows, was New Jersey. Abigail Adams, John Adam's wife, wrote to her husband to "remember the ladies"  in the drafting of the new nation's constitution. She urged him specially for legal protection for those women whom their husbands beated. John, however, simply dismissed her request.

Even though the Revolutionary War freed Americans from their oppressors, Britain, it didn't solve every problem, especially for minority groups. The idea of liberty, "all men are created equal" had clearly only been intended for white men, according to Patriots. Women, african americans, indians, and others had yet more wars to fight to achieve their own liberty and rights.

Frontier War

Proclamation of 1763.

NATIVE AMERICANS SUPPORT THE BRITISH

The colonists have move west from the Appalachian.In the aryls 1700s they started moving west.The british had many allieds including the native americans who support them.The british will urged the native to increase there attacks and for them to stay out of conflict.In 1776 both sides the americans and british courted the Iroquois Confederancy.The iroquois represented an alliance of six different native groups,they were one of the strongest nations during that timeThere was a the when the iroquois confederancy fell apart for the first time and they started fighting between one another.

Coronel Clark(patriot) who was part of the militia and in charged of it.Clark took two indians settlements kaskasia and cohoskia in the ohio river valley,spring of 1778.In the late summer clark men 175 soldiers,in this attack they were helped by the French.At this time they had captured all british forts or either posts.The british and the native americans allies recaptured one of the posts vincennes,indiana.Most of clarks soldiers were unpaid other were else volunteers,in february 1779 they have reached vincennes and they got to convince some of the indian alludes to leave the british.

In 1779 the british troops attack certain posts,the patriots in revenge they burn 40 iroquois towns,this cause a break down in the iroquois federation.

The indians continue with there attack after what happen,this cause for the white settlers to move east.Many of the iroquois ideas were put in the constitution of america since they were tactic and one of there qualities was that they were very intelligent.

Colonists Endure Hardships

There was a time for the Colonists were the weather was not on their favor. In the winter they didn't battle but still suffered; they had to wear rags on their feet and the weather prevented supplies from getting to the camp. There was shortage of everything; food, clothing, medicine. The men were sick from disease, hunger, and exposure to weather. The army camped in log cabins and endured the cold meanwhile the British were in colonial homes. The Patriots were starving while the British soldiers ate perfectly well. The General was worried if he would even have an army left when spring time arrived. The army was small but committed, they hung together no matter what.

 They also caused inflation by issuing papers; Continentals. Continentals were paper money issued by the Continental Congress. If the British won,continentals would have no value. British army actually used gold as their form of payment. This was a problem because the Colonists would prefer to sell to the British. Despite this hard time, Washington accomplished to preoccupy the British. Loyalists (Colonists loyal to British rule) lived in the countryside. What he did was free the militia in the countryside to suppress them from sending information.

To succeed, the continental army needed the support of the people, especially the women. Some of them even followed their husbands into war as nurses, cooks, help wash and clean, even help fire some cannons. A small percentage of women helped with the actual fighting. A lot of battles were fought by the militia and a number of women joined the militia. The army was accepting young boys in and a number or girls joined in. Back then girls had a different nutrition so they developed later then girls nowadays do. This made it very easy for some girls to disguise themselves as boys. Good examples of women who fought along are: Deborah Samson, Hannah Snell, and Sally St. Claire.

Continental Army

We all know the British had an extremely powerful army, in fact, this was one of the reasons the Loyalists sided with the British; they believed the Colonists didn't stand a chance. Anyone with a sane mind would think minutemen and poorly trained soldiers couldn't possibly ever defeat an army of that standard. However the Americans did win the war and although this was mostly due to the psychological aspect of it, their survival during the war depended a lot on the army. The Continental Army started off very unprepared and improvised but as time went on they improved a whole lot. A huge part of this is because of George Washington, he knew when and how to do things. Partial credit also goes to the German Baron Von Steuben whom disciplined them. All this plus their perseverance allowed them to survive not only harsh winters with no supplies, but a war against one of the most powerful countries of all time.

George Washington is a man worthy of admiration. I am convinced that if it weren't for him the army would not have been able to make it through. He understood that they should preserve the army. Meaning: he wouldn't risk all in one battle. When things got too bad he wasn't afraid to retreat, unlike the British. Whenever the situation was getting too unpleasant Washington would get him men and retreat. It was important they did this because the Continental Army wasn't even close in power and strength as the British were, so they couldn't afford to risk everything in one battle and lose nearly the entire army. Due to this they lost most of the battles but still managed to win the war.

During the winter the custom was to make camp. They were low on all kinds of supplies and needed to find a place close so that they could regain their strength and be ready for the battles to come. The made camp in Valley Forge and their alliances welcomed the German Baron Von Steuben. The soldiers improved greatly because of this mans drilling training. He basically thought the Continental Army much needed discipline. Patriot soldiers proved this new discipline in Monmouth. The British were going to NY and on their way they passed through New Jersey and encountered Washington and fought off Washington's pursuit at Monmouth. They were more like an army now.